Why Are People Still Smoking - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2559 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Smoking Essay Did you like this example? Tobacco has been growing for about 8,000 years, but it has been 2,000 years since it began being used for chewing and smoking during cultural or religious ceremonies and events, according to the Cancer Council (2015). Contrary to popular belief, a correlation between tobacco and bad health was found much earlier than what some might think. The timeline of discoveries goes back over 415 years ago, meaning humans have known tobacco is not beneficial to our health for that many years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Are People Still Smoking" essay for you Create order As one of the first examples, an anonymous English author discovered in 1602 was the possibility tobacco may have the same effects as soot, which caused illnesses for chimney sweepers. Then in 1795, Sammuel Thomas von Soemmering of Maine, Germany had reported that he was becoming more aware of lip cancers among pipe smokers (Cancer Council, 2015). Shortly after that in 1798, an American physician named Benjamin Rush wrote on the health dangers of tobacco. Things begin to escalate during the 1920’s when reports linking smoking cigarettes to lung cancer were appearing. However, according to Cancer Council’s information there were countless newspaper editors who would not report this information because they did not want to turn off companies who advertised smoking cigarettes as it was portrayed as being lavish and fancy. Finally, in the 1950’s-1960’s there had been multiple major medical reports which did in fact prove that tobacco caused multiple diseases including various forms of cancer. Despite the growing awareness of the effects of tobacco and the decline of its use after acquiring this knowledge, people are still participating in smoking activities. People may still engaging in it because it is their coping mechanism to the stresses of their every day life in society leading to an addiction, they still have access to it because it is not illegal notwithstanding what it can cause to our health, social situations causing them to smoke, and they are also beginning new smoking trends under the impression that it is healthier. All individuals experience stress throughout their daily lives and attempt to eliminate stress in different ways. As stated in our medical sociology class notes, stress is a state of imbalance within a person, elicited by an actual or perceived disparity between environmental demands and the person’s capacity to cope with these demands (Weiss Lonnquist, 2017, Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness). Stress can literally kill. However, so can some of the coping mechanisms people use in order to deal with it. The list of life events, small or big, that can cause stress are endless. People experience stress within their family, friends, financials, careers, marriage, and so many others. Some significant stressors can include the death of a loved one, divorce, moving to a new place, major illness/injury, job loss, and so on and so forth. It is no wonder some may feel obligated to resort to coping techniques that are not healthy, but ease the stress, therefore getting the job d one. Everyone can put all options into consideration and make their own decision as to how they want to alleviate certain things. One may choose to exercise after feeling stressed, another may sleep, and someone else may choose to smoke. Smoking is known to reduce stress, anger, and irritability. When people become addicted, smoking then maintains and strengthens homeostatic responses that regulate against a variety of stress-induced swings from a stable â€Å"reference level† (Howard Leventhal and Paul D. Cleary, 1977, p. 15). According to Leventhal and Cleary, there is substantial data showing that individuals have more difficulty quitting while they are coping with stressful jobs. Also, many smokers among blue collar workers quit smoking when they transition into a more stable time in their life, which means exposure to less work and less social stress. During a study, it was found that smoking is a strong predictor of material hardship independently of marital status (which cau ses great stress), lack of educational qualifications, low income, manual work, claiming welfare benefits, and social tenancy (M Siahpush, R Borland, and M Scollo, 2003, p. 60). When there is less stress within a society, it is easier for those experiencing it to quit smoking because they are no longer trying to alleviate the cause. Furthermore, it has been found that smokers will show fewer signs of anger and irritability if they smoke during stressful tasks. For most smokers, it is confirmed that â€Å"indeed, smokers reliably report that they smoke more when they are stressed, angry, anxious, or sad and they hold the expectation that smoking will alleviate these negative moods (Jon D. Kassel, Laura R. Stroud, and Carol A. Paronis, 2003 p. 270). When my brother had to have a surgery when he was just a baby, my non-smoking parents informed me that they each had a cigarette because they were so nervous and scared. Even though this one cigarette each did calm them down significantly, they did not become addicted because they knew the possible consequences that could happen if they did. However, my grandfather who was born in 1942 was not as lucky with this. He started smoking when he was just twelve years old because that was normal, and the dangers of smoking were not as emphasized as they are today. Throughout his career, he had very successful but challenging days, causing him to come home from a hard day of work and unwind by smoking a cigarette, or several. Although he did quit decades prior to diagnosis, he passed away due to lung cancer in 2012. Furthermore, there is also a social aspect to smoking. People who practice social smoking are known as â€Å"social smokers†. Even if your friend is not â€Å"peer pressuring† you and practically forcing you to smoke, you still feel a certain obligation because you do not want to seem â€Å"uncool† around when your friends as everyone else is doing it except for you. It is human nature. So then, these individuals begin to smoke when they are around friends who are doing it, such as at a party or bar. In order to fit in or look â€Å"cool† they smoke just because everyone else it, but do not actually like to do it on their own. Unfortunately, there have been instances where people in these situations end up becoming addicted in the long run anyways. It hard to believe that some people still classify smoking as being perceived as cool and attractive. People who know cigarettes have only negative consequences try to quit cigarette smoking may turn to different alternatives that they may view as being healthier, such as vaping. Or, they are just enjoying the trend. Since its popularity, there are younger people who have never smoked a cigarette before who are partaking in vaping. Vaping is a new trend, and anyone can see that it has grown tremendously within the past few years. It especially started becoming very popular when flavors of them came out. These are battery-powered devices that provide nicotine to the user and are known for being a less harmful alternative than smoking tobacco. However, there have been situations where people who begin smoking with vapes eventually try cigarettes. Because of this, it is possible that the â€Å"safer† alternative to cigarettes may actually lead people to smoke cigarettes. My uncle who used to be a social smoker in his college days and eventually became addicted, owns an electronic cigarette and uses it when he is experiencing significant amounts of stress. According to him, it apparently does the trick, however he did mention that it is a possibility it is all in his head. Because of this, I think about others who may be feeling the same exact way. They may want to quit and feel relieved when they discover this alternative, but how much more beneficial can it really be? As stated in an article published by Addiction Research and Theory, toxic chemicals have been identified in electronic cigarette vapor but one review concluded that â€Å"electronic cigarette vapor is substantially lower in toxic content, cytotoxicity, associated adverse effects and passive toxicity exposure, when compared to tobacco smoke† (Frances C. Sherratt and Michael W. Marcus, 2015, p. 336). According to a report by UBS Securities LLC, sales from the e-cigarette market doubled from $250 to $500 million between 2011 and 2012. Personally, I know of so many non-smokers who now smoke vapes and electronic cigarettes daily. Yes, so this is really different than former smokers picking a more healthy version. This is people going from being healthy to a not-healthy habit. Additionally, people will do it anywhere and everywhere. Sometimes I will be sitting in the library and I will see a cloud of smoke coming from a desk not too far from me. Even walking around campus, clouds of smoke everywhere. Smokers who turned to vaping mostly wanted to because electronic cigarettes were advertised a way technique to quitting smoking altogether and they had a realistic look, feel, and taste compared to traditional cigarettes. Along with the hope of it being a successful quitting mechanism, they were also marketed as being a cheaper and safer alternative. However, since vaping has become such a popular trend, people who have never even smoked a cigarette before are engaging and even addicted to vaping. The FDA has reported that e-cigarette cartridges and solutions contain nitrosamines, diethylene glycol, and other contaminants potentially harmful to humans. Even though people have been made aware of this, they still cannot quit their addiction cold turkey, and still find this alternative beneficial because it is slightly healthier. Regardless of the effects, they conclude it just must be better than lung cancer and other major illnesses. Add in info on marketing to kids and trends among teens and young adults? There are some worries pertaining to vaping. It is a natural human instinct to become addicted to something. So, when one becomes addicted to electronic cigarettes, a non-smoker may begin to wonder what the real deal (tobacco cigarettes) are like. Because of this, there is a concern that the electronic cigarettes may encourage one to participate in tobacco smoking, rather than discourage. David C.L. Lam has suggested that inhalation of vapor from electronic cartridges has been shown to augment inflammatory changes and short-term usage of e-cigarettes has been shown to adversely affect lung function (2014, p. 945). A government possesses the ability to attempt to ban anything. So, why hasn’t the government banned cigarettes as they are fully aware of the consequences? Most of us are familiar with the history of prohibition and how it was not very successful. Abolition â€Å"leads to a hard to control black market which requires significant government resources to suppress† (Lambert, 2006, p. 17). Black trade with illegal luxury goods is also a catalyst for organized crime-syndicates to form which then tend to commit various other crimes. There have however been several attempts to decrease the consumption of cigarettes including increased taxation (the prices of cigarettes have increased tremendously throughout the years), bans on advertising, promotion of cessation, and expansion of smoke-free spaces (Proctor, 2013, p. 127). It is hard to believe that there was a time when people could smoke on airplanes. In addition, it was not too long ago when you could also smoke in basically any location including restaurants which led to â€Å"smoking sections†. Abolishing the sale of cigarettes would result in savings in the realm of healthcare costs, increased labor productivity, lessened harms from fires, reduced consumption of scarce physical resources, and a smaller global carbon footprint, to name a few. But cigarettes have become a massive industry. According to The Tobacco Atlas, estimates of revenues from the global tobacco industry likely approach a half trillion U.S. dollars annually. In 2010, the combined profits of the six leading tobacco companies was U.S. $35.1 billion. There are several reasons as to why the government refrains from banning smoking completely because they prefer gradually undermining the social acceptance of it as a long-term strategy. First, there would be a massive amount of smokers who would demand their right to smoke. Being prohibited from it would therefore cause the possibility of people not voting for certain politicians solely because the politicians made aware to the public that they supported the ban Economically, there are many people who would lose their jobs if this industry were to come to an end. People who are employed within cigarette production would no longer have a job when their companies are forbidden from selling them. The World Bank (2004) estimates that tobacco farming employs about 33 million people worldwide. Having jobs in our communities and society is a very important social factor. Thus, no government wants to be responsible for job decline. Everything always revolves around money. The additional tax on tobacco products generates a significant amount of tax income. If smoking were to be banned, the income would disappear. This would then lead to cuts on government spending or a highe r deficit, and no one wants that. Increasing the prices only influences those who cannot afford them to want to steal, causing a whole other issue. The World Bank has recommended that â€Å"governments increase tobacco tax to about 65% of retail price†. Increasing tobacco prices also increases the chances of cigarette theft, smuggling, and counterfeiting. According to a report by Phillip Morris, â€Å"smokers are doing their country a huge favor by boosting tax revenue, dying early, and not drawing a pension† (Zosia Kmietowicz, 2001, p. 126). There is a possibility that governments may be under the impression that by not banning cigarettes, they are saving money caused by premature deaths of smokers. Areas they may save money in include healthcare, pensions, and housing for the elderly. Smoking has been around for so long that it has become part of our culture. run-on We will unfortunately always have access to it whether it is legal or not. As someone who has never smoked anything in their life, it is hard for me to understand why there are people still smoking as they are fully aware of the consequences. In order to be more open-minded, I often think about what I do to alleviate any stress and I think about how much it helps me. Then, I can better understand how hard it might be for one to quit because I simply cannot imagine being able to quit ice cream, exercising, taking naps, and many other things I do to make myself feel better. I may also be so against it considering I lost my grandfather due to smoking, so I often wonder why anyone could continue to smoke knowing what it could mean for their health and lives. People are still engaging in smoking for many reasons. To conclude a few, smoking may be a person’s coping mechanism to the stresses of their everyday life in society leading to an addiction, they still have access to it because it is not illegal notwithstanding what it can cause to our health, social situations causing them to smoke, and they are also beginning new smoking trends under the impression that it is healthier. Throughout research, I believe it is evident smoking (cigarettes, vaping, etc.) will not become illegal, at least not anytime soon. It is has grown to be too big of an industry. I will admit however, that I would not like to see so many people losing their jobs since it employs countless people. Society can only hope people take the dangers of their health more seriously and end their relationship with smoking.

The Genocide in Myanmar Essay - 810 Words

Super Biased Research Paper In the past two years, a genocide has been going on in Myanmar that little people around the world know about. The victims that have been affected by this mass murder are the Rohingya Muslims, who originated from the subcontinent of India and are a minority group that makes up 5% of the country’s population. Today, the physical and emotional abuse endured by the Rohingya Muslims prevails a prominent issue in the Middle East. Over in Burma, many of the Muslims are murdered, beaten, or attacked by various religious groups, while government officials either stand and watch or occasionally help. The Rohingya Muslims is a small Muslim group that emerged in India during the time of the British Raj. The group†¦show more content†¦The leaders include the president of Burma, Thein Sein, and a famous politician of the country, Aung San Suu Kyi. The two groups comprise of the Sangha, which is a community of Buddhist monks, and the Rakhine Nationalitie s Development Group (RNDG), which is a political party in Myanmar. In 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi won the Nobel Peace Prize for forming the National League for Democracy and coincidently disapproved of violence and hoped that all ethnic groups could â€Å"cooperate in harmony.† Since then, she has denied any evidence of an ethnic cleansing, when asked about it in an interview and she has talked about the Rohingya Muslims, stating that â€Å"They are not our citizens.† The president, Thein Sein, has done many things to contribute to the ethnic cleansing. He has come up with ideas to end the ethnic cleansing, such as â€Å"expelling† the muslims from the country or getting the United Nations to â€Å"resettle† them somewhere else. The Rohingya Muslims have tried many things to cope with these attacks, resulting in both good and bad outcomes. 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In addition to this, the protocol for the intervention of the United Nations on behalf of human rights will be investigated, as will a series of issues regarding human rights violations in China and Burma (now Myanmar), and whether or not the United Nations, if involved, was able to support and advocate for human rights. II. A Summary and Description of the United Nations Purpose, Functions, and Structure of the United Nations Before we are able to determine theRead MoreThe Passionate Subject of Religious Liberty Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesof the superiority of their religious belief over others. Such religious ‘Nazism’ based on misguided claims to superiority of particular religions have wreaked havoc in places such as the Balkans where genocide was committed on religious basis and even the Hindu-Islamic strife in India and Myanmar have deep rooted religious colorations arising from religious intolerance by adherents of different religious beliefs. 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The Biotechnology Industry

Question: Discuss about theThe Biotechnology Industry. Answer: Introduction: The biotechnology area is best recognized as a collection of various industries by using a common connection- the appliance of the precise biological knowledge. This biotechnology industry controls sectional as well as bio molecular courses to enlarge technologies and commodities that resist debilitating as well as atypical diseases, decrease the footprint of the atmosphere, nourish the hungry, utilize little and fresh energy, have harmless, hygienic as well as more proficient manufacturing practices. It is divided into five important subsectors, which involves agricultural stock as well as chemicals, therapeutic devices and apparatus, pharmaceuticals plus drugs, testing for research and health check laboratories, allotment related to bioscience (Moshelion and Altman, 2015). Health region is forming new inventions from the other subsectors in the biotech industry. It is forming new inventions whereas large pharma has not been successful to do so because these are at present more like associations of sales as well as marketing. Moreover these require the capability to build up innovative, fresh medicines in the amount they require. In that gist, large pharma is vital for biotechnology. The biotech sector concentrated more on advancing modern medicines, as it takes extra money to make a successful item for consumption and set it in the medicinal regions, with many modern drugs entirely arriving in the souk, whereas other medical signs have low speed of success such as various more modern therapies have been successful in the previous years. This therapeutics has disorders of central nervous system and a very sharp failure speed. It is much hard to develop first-class therapeutics for situations such as Parkinsons diseases because for the researchers the brain is even now a black box. Various biotech companies such as pharmaceuticals have not been successful in the development of new psychoanalysis or the treatments to treat diseases or reduce the symptoms, for th e reason that researchers do not completely understand their principal causes. The majority of the survey companies team up with the external partners concerning applications of a patent, whereas 70% team up to design, enlarge, or commercialize latest products. All over 65% of the companies pointed out that they team up to access the particular expertise (Diwakar et al., 2011). Even though the occurrence of an external team up does not differ considerably by the firm range, it is a common tendency for associates crosswise all range classes to display better advance presentation than non- associates. Medium-sized companies again outshine their minor and major counterparts in collaborator as well as non-collaborator groups equally, but collaborators display a clear advance across the classes of all size. Between the small companies, collaborators presented around 4.8 fresh creations over the previous seven years, in contrast to 1.7 between non-collaborators. Given the value of accessing facts, complementary assets and authenticity for biotechnology companies, they favour the partners who present them a superior resource, education endowments, and excellent legitimacy advantages (Diwakar et al., 2011). These instead calculative purposes characterize only a detachment of those fundamental biotech companies choices of partners for the alliance. Many reports direct to the strong effect of homophily, in which similarities between those companies promote mutual faith as well as co-identification, raising the probability of their association. In a report of the creation of research as well as growth alliance in biotechnology, Baldi and Stern discover that companies are more liable to team up if their initiators have studied from the similar educational society. This result does not essentially reflect a nonstop social tie among various scientists, on the contrary, their sense of mutual identity. Beside same lines prove that biotech companies, e specially fresh entrants, have a tendency to select partners based on the allies resemblance to prior partners. Higgins and Kim also brought into being an additional proof for the effective function of homophily that companies inhabiting similar place in the souks social structure come into similar expectations as well as responsibilities which pull them with respect to each other. Particularly, they discovered that companies attract toward potential collaborators that employ higher echelon part with matching associations. The skill to fascinate a partner is serious because biotech companies face dynamic competition for the consideration of foremost and important potential allies. Stern and Dukerich illustrated additionally that companies started by more renowned scientist assists deflect probable reservations of investing bodies over collaborating along with Biotech Company holding uncertain marketable promise. Hence, biotech companies consider multifaceted character when selecting partners for Alliance (Baker, 2015). Motives comprise those with high or low calculative character and deal with the requirements of biotech companies and their skill to fascinate required partners. The challenges in bringing new commodities to the market and starting a company involve creating strategic associations, increasing capital, conscripting, appealing, and maintaining abilities and obedience with regulatory groups. Research, as well as development, is expensive in bringing new stuff to the market. This analysis is frequently more complicated than habitual pharmaceuticals as researchers cannot be aware of for years that what mode their product may take. Medical apparatus firms, greatly require ideas for starting, commodities, as well as technology programs (Baker, 2015). These firms have turn out to be the sufferers of their enormous size, entailing strong internal machinery of research and development to continue their pipelines driving out fresh, innovative stuff. Individuals outside this biotech area presume that biotech product should be at ease due to the integrated need for the commodities that improve the condition of life. Contrast to funding, where many individ uals concur on its significance to the victory of the biotech, the conception of the dealers function in the firms is often mixed. As the majority of small firms are organized and directed by the scientists, there is a late set- up of marketing. Marketing requires being occupied previously to better consider the potential of the market as well as marketable viability to direct financial decisions. It is serious for scientists as well as organization to begin communicating the potential worth of the manufactured good at the colloquium and conferences before the launching of the product. Same as pharmaceutical firms, biotech companies face a complicated souk place, which involves doctors, patients, and many others. A distinctive conflict that biotech companies face is the way to be successive on a high-determined market because the majority of the minor biotech companies struggle in niche souks for specific less-populated disorders. Moreover, costing as well as reimbursement character izes major conflicts for start-ups of biotech. These products are the one, which hands round the minor patient residents. Consequently, the biotech companies have to cost a sharp rate per regimen comparatively in turn to balance the excessive investment price. Due to the great series of challenges and conflicts in bringing the stuff to the market, minor biotech companies select to collaborate with organized companies to control their wide-ranging sales as well as market services to commence and advertise their products successfully (Laverty and Goldman, 2014). In spite of various challenges and conflicts, this biotech industry is generally the exhilarating and challenging one in all. Over the previous few years, this industry has highly developed much for the benefits of the people. This industry has been a miracle, treating the patients with various sex-linked disorders although there has been the success as well as failures in this area. This industry has been raised promptly in previous years. Biotech stuff is the produce of business labors that direct biological substances to turn out modified one. The communal area is also promoting and getting advantages from this area (Laverty and Goldman, 2014). Moreover, with prolonged enhancement in genomics research as well as the hastening pace of pristine drug progress and consent, the industrys financial and monetary contributions must boost in rate with the imagined involvement of biotech industry to the crop growing productions, the condition of the environment, and knowledge of the humans. References Kruse, O. (2015). Prospects and challenges for the development of algal biotechnology. Journal of Biotechnology, 215, p.1 Moshelion, M. and Altman, A. (2015). Current challenges and future perspectives of plant and agricultural biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 33(6), pp.337-342. Mattanovich, D. and Hatzimanikatis, V. (2013). Editorial: Metabolic modeling in biotechnology and medical research. Biotechnology Journal, 8(9), pp.962-963. Biotech boom. (2014). Chemistry Industry, 78(11), pp.4-5. Laverty, H. and Goldman, M. (2014). Editorial: The Innovative Medicines Initiative - collaborations are key to innovating RD processes. Biotechnology Journal, 9(9), pp.1095-1096. Duh, T. (2007). Biotech/Life Science Industry Boom. Asia-Pacific Biotech News, 11(12), pp.802-810. Baker, M. (2015). Biotech firm announces fast test to unmask imposter cell lines. Nature. Soliman, (2013). Co-Production of Cellulase and Xylanase Enzymes By Thermophilic Bacillus subtilis 276NS. Int. J. Biotech. Well. Indus.. Singh, (2013). Anticancer Activity of New Copper (II) Complexes with 6- Thioguanine Drug. Int. J. Biotech. Well. Indus.. Mejri, (2013). Investigation and Modeling of Electrical Stunning Parameters of Turkey Using Response Surface Methodology. Int. J. Biotech. Well. Indus.. Diwakar, S., Achuthan, K., Nedungadi, P. and Nair*, B. (2011). Enhanced Facilitation of Biotechnology Education in Developing Nations via Virtual Labs: Analysis, Implementation, and Case-studies. IJCTE, pp.1-8

Proving the lens formula Essay Example

Proving the lens formula Essay When light passes from air to a denser material it slows down. In a concave lens the light has to travel further through the middle then through the sides. This has the affect of pushing the waves back in the middle and forward around the edge therefore effectively adding curvature to the wave. A similar thing happens when passing through a concave lens but obviously vice-versa, taking away curvature of the wave. The curvature that the lens adds or takes away is the Power of the lens, measured in dioptres. P=1/f, P is the power of the lens and f is the focal length. The focal length of a lens is the distance from a lens to its focal point, which is where the image of a distant object is formed. The shorter the focal length the more powerful the lens. The following formula is what I am going to attempt to prove that it is valid. It is used to give the focal length, and hence where the image is focused. 1/v+1/u=1/f We will write a custom essay sample on Proving the lens formula specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Proving the lens formula specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Proving the lens formula specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Where v is the distance from the lens to its focal point, u is the distance from the object to the lens and 1/f is the power of the lens. This follows from the above, the power shows how much curvature is added to the wave. As a wave moves further away from an object the curvature of it decreases. This formula may also help me with my progress, as I can use it to calculate the magnification of the lens. m=v/u (when in focus) Where m is the magnification, v is the distance from the lens to the image and u is the distance from the lens to the object. The further away the image is from the lens the lower the magnification, and the closer the image is to the lens the higher the magnification. Hypothesis The lens formula for a convex lens valid. Apparatus I will use the following equipment during me experiment. A Convex lens and lens holder Small convex lens used to focus the image on the screen. Small plastic holder used to keep the lens in place. A Metre rule Will be used to measure both the object distance (U) and the image distance (V). It has millimetre units, although large and hard to take a precise measurement in mm. A 30 cm rule Will be used to increase the accuracy of the measurements, where the metre rule proves difficult to use to get an accurate result. A Small screen Flat white screen on a stand, used for the image to focus on. Image distance measured from the front of the screen. A Light source (Mains or Low Voltage) small Lamp, 40-watt bulb. Used to emit light and is part of the object. A wire mesh on a stand Used to create a clear, sharp focus-able image that I can take measurements from. Placed in front of the light source. Jack Webdale 02/05/2007 Page 2 Most of the apparatus I will use are self explanatory due to the background information. I will use the Wire mesh on a stand as part of the object, as I am satisfied that it will be easy to produce a clear, sharp image with it. If I was to use A light bulb with text printed on it, it may be harder to get a clear image as if I used ink, it may smudge or become blurred due to the heat of the lamp. I have also chosen to use a 30cm rule as well as a metre rule, as the metre rule may be inaccurate or cause problems when trying to measure to mm. A 30cm rule could be used to do this easily and to a better degree of accuracy. Prediction I would choose to predict that the formula is valid. Avoiding the fact that people have used the formula for years, especially opticians, and I gather it must work as they still use it! However, my task is to prove that it works. The diagram below shows what occurs when light travels through a converging lens. It shows where the focal points image and object distances are represented. Due to the proportions of the diagrams I have studied, it would seem logical that two reciprocals added together would produce a reciprocal which its decimal value would be less, which confirms the diagrams. Therefore, I believe that my experiment, if done accurately, should prove that the lens equation is true. Diagram of apparatus Consideration of the variables This Experiment relies heavily on accuracy of measurements and distances. Therefore, it is imperative that these are not affected while measurements are taken. I will take 2 measurements of Jack Webdale 02/05/2007 Page 3 Each required distance to ensure I should not have made an error. Ideally, if I would have time, I could do an average of results for one distance to ensure a reliable result each time. However, I feel checking twice, taking the distances where the image appears focused, and taking a middle value, will give reliable results. Another Variable that could affect the point where the image is focussed is exterior light not emitted from the object (lamp and mesh). Therefore, I will compose my experiment in a dark room, so that sunlight will not affect the image, and this should also help me to get a clearer focus of the image on the sheet. I will stick all apparatus to the bench when they are not being used, so that the non-variables are not affected or altered. Method Before I begin the real experiment, I have chosen to perform a preliminary experiment to discover a suitable range of distances I will get results from. I will also have an idea of the power of the lens, so I can judge its minimum and maximum distances to get a clear image on the sheet. To do this I will set-up the apparatus as shown in the diagram of apparatus, And I have chosen to make the Object and the lamp a constant position, due to the wires etc and difficulty of shifting it about all the time. Therefore, the Lens and the image sheet are the elements that I will move to focus the image. Preliminary research I began with a crude test, to get an approximate result for the focal length of the lens. I simply got a piece of paper, put it against a ruler, and with the lens; I placed it in front of a window, and focussed the image on the paper. I then had a measurement of approximately 15 cm. This would help me greatly in my experiment, as it would indicate immediately any results way off the mark, considering the variables and errors. I then also set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram, and used them to determine what distances I would use in my experiment. I placed a metre rule on the bench, and put on one end, the screen that the image would focus, and at the other, the object. I decided that I would not exceed this Object to Image (U V) distance, as measuring over a metre would cause problems, as I would need to have to metre rules, increasing the chance of making the results inaccurate. I then discovered how close I could put the lens to the object, until I could not get a focus on the screen (Where The focal length equals the object distance, and the image distance = ?). This was in between 13-18 cm for the object distance. Preliminary research Summery Part 1 * Collect all of the equipment displayed in the diagram of apparatus. * Check that the lamp works, and that the lens is not cracked or dented. * Place the lens on a flat surface, facing a window so that light from outside travels through the lens. Place the screen at the opposite end, so that it looks similar to the diagram above, but using the outside as the image. Move the screen until an image (Real, inverted) is focussed on the paper. * Measure the image distance, using a 30 cm ruler. (This is the approximate focal length). Part 2 * Collect all of the equipment displayed in the diagram of apparatus. * Check that the lamp works, and that the lens is not cracked or dented. * Set-up the equipment as shown in the diagram of apparatus, placing the object at one end of the metre rule, and the screen at the other (this is the maximum object to image distance). * Move the lens close to the object, and experiment with the lens and the screen until it is Jack Webdale 02/05/2007 Page 4 Impossible to get a focussed image on the screen. * Find the bounds which this occurs, and record the results (This is the area where the focal length is approximately the same as the object distance). There is no need for a table of results for this preliminary experiment, as not many results are taken, they are merely to give an idea of the expected results in the real experiment. Real Experiment * Collect all of the equipment displayed in the diagram of apparatus. * Check that the lamp works, and that the lens is not cracked or dented. * Set-up the equipment as shown in the diagram of apparatus, placing the object at one end of the metre rule, and the screen at the other (this is the maximum object to image distance). * Turn on the lamp; line it up with the mesh so that the lens, screen and the object line up against the metre rule. * Keeping the Screen and the Object stationary, move the lens up and down the metre rule until a clear, focused image of the mesh can be seen on the screen. * Measure the object distance to the lens, using the white mid-point line on the lens holder as a marker, then measure the Image distance, using the front of the screen as the marker. Use the 30cm rule so that the mm can be measured as accurately as possible. * The lens can move around 5 mm and still produce a clear and focussed image on the screen. This is merely due to the sensitivity of our eyes. For the following results, keep the object stationary, and move the screen 10 cm down the metre rule, decreasing the distance to the object each time. Measure the distances. For the Image distance, you will need to record two results, where the image beings to lose focus between the 5mm focus gap. These results can be used to obtain a midpoint, where the real focus is occurring. * Repeat this so 8 records have been taken. For each, be-aware of the results been recorded, and be aware that the focal length is approximately 15mm, and repeat any result that appears irregular. * As the experiment goes on, eventually a focused image will be impossible to obtain. This is where the image distance is equal to the focal length. You should not try and record results at this point and beyond. Table of results example My table will take this form: U (object distance) cm Min. V (Image distance) cm Max. V (image distance) cm Avg. V (image distance) cm 1/U + 1/V = 1/F F (Focal length) cm . . . . . . Risk Assessment All things considered, there are little risks presented with this experiment. I feel confident no special precautions need to be taken to ensure the safety of people partaking, or working near the experiment. The are few dangers which in extreme circumstances could cause a problem is the Light bulb. First because of the heat and the risk of burning a hand, which can be avoided by using a metal cover, not touching the bulb, and a cap over the cover to expose little of the lamp. The electricity supply could also be a danger, but I will ensure the wires are out of the way of tripping over, pulling the plug and causing any problems. Jack Webdale 02/05/2007 Page 5 The Second is the possibility of a dropped lens, leaving shards of glass on the floor, and in extreme circumstances these shards going into someones eye. To avoid this as much as possible, the lens will be placed in its holder, away from the edge of the bench. Also, if the lens is dropped, it is to be swept up immediately and a new lens to be used. The Results The experiment worked out sufficiently, although one result, where the object distance was 20.6cm, the Avg. V Distance was around 60.4 cm. I knew this must be an error due to the pattern of the decreasing V distance, and the Focal Length of this result would have worked out to be 15.361 cm, which is quite far out from the other results. Due to this I repeated the experiment for this result, using the same apparatus, which I had numbered in case this occurred. The Graphs of these results are on a separate sheet of graph paper. To be precise, I performed each measurement twice to ensure I hit the mark each time. The second measurement was basically a check for the first. I could not take results more than two decimal places for accuracy, as I merely used my own vision and judgement. If however, I had Specialised measuring equipment, this could have been more accurate. Evaluation and Conclusion For plotting the graph, I also needed the separate data for 1/V and 1/U. So I put them in the following table to allow me to successfully draw the graph. After analysing the graph, it can be seen that a strait line can be drawn through the points. This means that the Object distance (U) is Inversely proportional to the Image distance (V). Thus we can say that when any result is taken for say U, put in its reciprocal form, and then added to the reciprocal of V, the result is always the reciprocal of the focal length of the converging lens being used (discarding errors and inaccuracy in this statement). On my graph, it can be seen that the line doesnt travel exactly through every point, but in all cases travels through the error box. This shows that if the results were perfectly calculated without any chance of error, all the points would lie on a strait line. It also shows that although I conducted my experiment as accurately as possible, small errors did occur. With the graph, I have determined that the equation of the line is 1/v = (-1)1/u+1/f. From this statement the gradient of the line is always -1, and this is always the case wha tever the reciprocal of the focal length. Also, due to the -1 gradient, the X-axis intercept is also the reciprocal of the focal length. With the graph, I can determine the experiment was successful, as the straight line travels through both axis and at almost the same points. On the Y-Axis 1.167cm and on the X-axis 0.066cm. They both give a focal length of approximately 14.9cm Knowing that the focal length is approximately 15cm, I can conclude that my experiment was successful, and thus proves that the lens formula 1/U + 1/V = 1/F is valid. I decided not to put error bars on my graph, as I was not using the whole values of v and u, where I knew the errors spread over a 0.5cm distance for each measurement taken. However, even though I took middle values of v, it is still evident that errors took place. If I were to repeat the experiment, I would choose to take two values of u, the object distance as well as v then take the middle value. This may also reduce the chance of inaccuracy due to the human eye. There are little ways in which I could improve this experiment, except take many readings of a result, then take an average value. Doing this for every measurement taken, however, would be very time consuming, and if one reading happened to be far out, the average would not be that accurate.